Anatomy of the Child’s Nervous System

The nervous system

• The brain is the body’s control center. It tells the body what to do and processes information by sending and receiving messages through the spinal cord and nerves. Each part of the brain has a role:

  • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It's divided into two halves. Each half contains parts (lobes) that control specific functions, such as moving, thinking, or retrieving and storing memories. The cerebrum also receives and processes information from the sensory organs. These organs include the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin.

  • The cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. It helps to control balance and coordinate movement.

  • The brainstem is located at the base of the brain. It controls basic body functions, such as swallowing, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. Also, it contains nerves that connect directly to the brain. These nerves are called cranial nerves. They help carry messages to and from the brain to the sensory organs, certain glands, and internal organs, such as the heart and lungs.

• The spinal cord begins at the bottom of the brainstem and runs through the center of the spine (spinal canal). It contains nerves that carry messages to and from the brain to the rest of the body. These nerves are called spinal nerves.

• Peripheral nerves carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

• The heart and digestive system have their own nervous system.

More about the brain

The brain is protected by bone, the meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.

• The bone around the brain makes up the skull.

• The meninges are the layers of tissue that separate the brain from the skull.

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a fluid that cushions the brain within the skull. CSF is made in the ventricles. The ventricles are hollow spaces (cavities) inside the brain. Normally, CSF flows through and around the brain and around the spinal cord.